Volume 5, Issue 6

A large percentage of Nigeria population especially those in rural areas depends on traditional medicine as a source of primary health care including malaria. Nauclea latifolia is one of those plants used in the treatment of malaria especially by the people of Ogidi in Anambra State of Nigeria. They claim that the plant is an effective anti-malaria drug. To verify this claim, there is the need for the investigations into the anti-malarial potential of the leaves extracts of Nauclea latifolia as it is claimed by the natives to have antimalarial activity The leaves of Nauclea latifolia were collected from the wild, and dried for two weeks. 500g was pulverized and marcerated in 1000mls of ethanol for 48hrs with constant shaking. it was then filtered and the procedure was repeated with the marc. The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure with rotary evaporator. The preliminary phytochemical tests were carried out using standard methods. The anti-malarial screening was conducted using the curative test (established infection) method to assess the efficacy of the extract as therapeutic agent. It was observed from the work that the leaves contain the following secondary metabolites - flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, Carbohydrates, steroids and terpenoids. The ethanol extract of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia was found to be effective against malarial parasites as claimed by the natives from the work done. REFERANCES 1. 1. Abdulelah HAA, Zainal A (2007). In vivo antimalarial tests of Nigella sativa (Black seed) of different extracts. Am. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2: 46-50. 2. Abeku TA (2007). "Response to malaria epidemics in Africa". Emerging Infectious Disease. 3. Ali LA,Adersokan AA , SalawuOA , akanji MA and Tijani AY . antiplasmodial activity of aqueous root extract acacia nilotica.African journal of biochemistry Research, 2011 5(7): 24-219 4. Ayoola G, Coker H, Adesegun S, Bello A, Obaweya K, Ezennia C (2008). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of some selected medicinal plants used for malaria therapy in Southwestern Nigeria. Trop. J. Pharmaceut. Res. 7 (3): 1019-1024. 5. Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L (2012). "Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria". Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 4 (1): e2012026. 6. Burkill HM , the useful plants of tropical west African, Royal Botanical Garden, 1985, vol2, families A-D,pp. 254-257. 7. Caraballo, Hector (May 2014). "Emergency Department Management Of Mosquito-Borne Illness: Malaria, Dengue, And West Nile Virus". Emergency Medicine Practice 16 (5). 8. Clarkson, C., Maharaj, V.J., Crouch, N.R., Grace, O.M., Pillay, P., Matsabisa, M.G., 9. Cohen S, Butucher GA., Mitchell G H (1972): In vitro studies of malaria antibodies. Proc. Helminthol.soc.wash; 39,231-237 10. Garnham P.C.C (1980):Malaria in its various vertebrate hosts:Malaria, J.P. Kreier Editor, Academic Press, Vol. 1, pp. 95-144. 11. Harborne JB (1973). Phytochemical methods. (Third edition). Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, Pp. 135-203. 12. Maje IM, Anuka JA, Hssaini IM (2007). Evaluation of the anti-malarial activity of the ethanolic leaves extract of Paullinia pinnata linn (Sapindaceae). Nig. J. Pharm. Sci. 6 (2): 67–72. 13. Okokon, J., Ofodum, K.C., Ajibesin, K.K., Danlandi, B & Gamaneil, K.S. 2005. Pharmacological screening and evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of Croton zambesicus against P. berghei infection in mice. Indian J. Pharmacol 14. Organization, World Health (2010). Guidelines for the treatment of malaria (2nd ed. ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. ix. ISBN 9789241547925 15. Sofowora, H. 1993. Screening Plants for Bioactive Agents In: Medicinal Plants andTraditional Medicine in Africa, Spectrum Books Ltd., Sunshine House, Ibadan. Nigeria, 2nd Ed. 134156 pp. 16. Trease G.E and Evans W.C (1996): Textbook of pharmacognosy, 14th ed. WB Sanders, London. 17. Trease GE, Evans WC (1989). Textbook of Pharmacognosy. 14th Edition. W.B. Sanders, London. 18. W.H.O (1982): Synopsis of the World Malaria Situation in 1981. Wkly Epidem. Rec.,56-21:161

In Ayurveda a number of herbs are used for treatment of various diseases as well as for maintenance of health. Many years ago plants were like family members to the people. The plants were essential part of their life. As they were so close to the plants there was no need to develope special identification methods. There was no system of morphological description of plants as done in now a day. But they used many synonyms for one herb to describe it’s habitat, morphology, properties and therapeutic uses. The method of description of plants is very impressive. In a two to four lined shlokas a whole medici-nal plant is described with it’s all aspects. These shlokas were written after keen observation and practical findings. In order to understand and to take the benefits of the various medicinal plants one should study the syno-nyms keenly. The present paper deals with the review of ancient methods of used for identification of medicinal plants w.s.r. Raj nighantu. REFERANCES 1.Bhavprakash nighantu Prof.K.C.Chunekar, Edited by Late Dr.G.S .Pande Chaukhamba orentalia,Varanasi.2009 2.Dravyaguna vijnana (vol 1and Vol.2) Prof. P. V. Sharma Chaukhambha Bharati Academy,Varanasi.2005 3.Namarupajnanam Priya vrat Sharma Satyapriya prakashan Varanasi.2000 4.Rajnighantu Dr.Indradeo Tripathi Chaukhamba Krushnadas Academy, Varanasi. Dr. Kandharkar S.S.,International journal of ayurvedic & herbal medicine 5(6) Nov.-Dec..2015(2046-2066) 2066 5.Indian Medicinal Plants A compendium of 150 species Vaidyaratnam P S Varier’s Orient Longman, Hyderabad 1997 6.System of plant nomeniclature in Ayurveda Dr.Gyanendra pandey Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi.1997 7.Nighantu Aadarsha Bapalal Vaidya Chaukhambha Bharti Academy,Varanasi Vol 1 and vol 2 2007

Lagophthalmos is characterized by the inability to voluntarily close the eyelids. Due to impairment of the function of the eye lid, he feels to difficulty to open from closer. Vatahatavarthma is restricted movement of the eyelid with or without pain. It is a vataprakopajanya asadyavyadhi. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the Ayurvedic treatment for getting relief from the disease and stop further development. We adapted Triphalaghrita for 5 days tarpana at morning with 5 days gap and Ksherabalataila for 5 days nasya at evening with 5 days gap, Vatagajankus ras 2 tablets b.d. orally with honey for 1 month. After completion of 1 month of treatment, the efficacy of the therapy was assessed on the basis of the subjective as well as objective criteria. Marked improvement was observed in free movements of the right upper eye lid without any difficult. But patient feeling little bit discomfort during opening after doing repeated closing and opening of eye lid. It was found to have significant effect in reducing the symptoms and concluded that although Vatahatavarthma as asadya, Ayurvedic treatments can be used for subjective and objective improvement. The medicines are most effective, easily available to prepare and use, acceptable by all age group, which is minimal unwanted action. REFERANCES 1. Sushruta Samhita – Uttara Tantra –with Nibandha Samgraha commentary by Dalhana and Ayurveda-tattva-samdipika commentary by Ambikadutta Shastri, Chaukhambha Sanskrit sansthan, Varanasi, 2005 2. Charaka Samhita – with Chakrapani Ayurveda Dipika commentary, Nirnaya Sagar Press - Bombay. 3. Ashtang hridya, Sarvangasundara & Ayurvedarasayana commentary, Chaukhambha surbharati prakashan, Varanasi, 2007 4. Ashtanga Sangraha, Ayurveda Bhavana Private Ltd. Nagpur. 5. A.K.Khurana- comprehensive ophthalmology 6. Bruce James, Anthony BronLecture Notes: Ophthalmology, 11th Edition 7. Chakradatta, Bhavartha Sandipini- by Jagadiswar Prasad Tripathi, Choukhamba Sanskrit Sirij office, Varanasi –1961. 8. K. M. Nadakarni – Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I & II Ed.,3, Popular Publishers, Bombay.

Ayurveda has a vast knowledge about formation and development of “Garbha” and its pathology. Ayurveda prescribe herbal preparations for “Garbhasthapaka”. Atibala (Abutilon indicum) was well accepted as a nourishing and strength promoting drug. It has Rasayana property and fetal growth promoting action. The present study was designed to find out the effect of Atibala as a single drug for Garbhasthapaka prabhava and Garbha vruddhikara prabhava in pregnancy with repeated abortion history. Sixty pregnant women of second and third trimester were included and they were divided into two groups. The effect of Atibala was compared to that of combination of Amalaki, Godanthi and Garbhapalarasa (Amalaki group). Studying results of Atibala and Amalaki groups during the treatment or after no abortion took place. The maternal as well as fetal growth was representing Garbhavruddhikara prabhava which was prominently taken care by Atibala. REFERANCES 1. 1. Ashtanga Sutrasthan 12-82, 13-3, 15-4, 20-4,5, 5-24 2. Ashtanga Samgraha Sharira Sthan 1-47, 54, 57, 63, 64, 2-3,6,23,24,56,85, 3-5, 4-3,11,12,27, 5-9,10,11,12 3. Charaka Samhita Chikithsa 2-30,46, 8-33,34,35,36,37, 30-16,20 4. Charaka Samhita Nidana 1-8,9,12 5. Charaka Samhita Sharir 1-19,77, 2-4,6,15,23,31,33,35, 3-1,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,17, 4- 4,5,6,7,11,12,16,18,21,26,29,30 6. Chopra R,N. Nayar S.L. Chopra I.C. Abutilon (Malvacene) Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with active principles 1965-1981 Part I 7. Siriwardana S.A.D., Mistry I.U., Skandan K.P. 1999 – A Choorna- standardization of preparation of choorna with special reference to Atibala (Unpublished) 8. Report on identification of high risk families, mothers and outcome of their offsprings, ICMR Task Force Study, ICMR, New Delhi, 1990 9. Tiwari P.V. Ayurveda Prasuti Tantra Evam Stree Roga, Part 1, Chawkambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 1986 10. Dutta D.C. Text book of Obstetrics, New Central Book Agency, Culcutta, 3rd edition, 1997

A systematic study of crude drug embraces, thorough consideration of primary and secondary metabolites derived as a result of plant metabolism. The compounds that are responsible for medicinal property of the drug are usually secondary metabolites. The fruit of Achchhuka is subjected to organoleptic and preliminary phytochemical screening for detection of various properties (Rasa(taste), Virya(potency)) and its chemical constituents which are responsible for pharmacological or therapeutic activity and play important role in identification and authentication of drug, the first and foremost step in any of the drug research. REFERANCES 1. 1. Prof. Dr. Peter P. I., Noni fruit of strange beauty and strong spirit, Pp.60, page no.2&3. 2. Agnivesa, Charaka Samhita, revised by Charaka & Dridhabala with the Ayurveda – Dipika commentary of Chakrapanidatta, edited by Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 2001, Pp.738, page no.161. 3. Susruta, Susruta samhita, Acharya Jadavji Trikamji, Choukamba orientalia, Varanasi, 2002, Pp 641, page no.229. 4. Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla & Prof. Ravi Dutt Tripathi, Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, elaborated by Charaka & Redacted by Dridhabala, edited with Vaidyamanorama hindi commentary along with special deliberation etc, vol.I, Chaukhamba Sanskrit pratishthan, Delhi, Jan.1998, Pp.916, page no.405. 5. Kaviraja Nagendra Nath Sena, Vaidhyaka Shabdasindhuh, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Pp.1212, page no.124. 6. Kaviraja Nagendra Nath Sena, Vaidhyaka Shabdasindhuh, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Pp.1212, page no.102. 7. Dr. K. M. Nadkarni’s, Indian Materia Medica, volume I, Popular prakashan, Bombay, 1982, Pp.1319, page no. 809, 810. 8. Sir Hooker J. D., The flora of British India, Volume III, published under the authority of the secretary of state for Indian council. Pp.712, page no. 155. 9. Shri Kirtikar K. R. & Basu B. D., Indian Medicinal plants, published by Lalit Mohan Basu, Allahabad, Pp. 839-1592, page no.1295. 10. The Wealth of India, National Institute of Science Communication, New Delhi, 1998, vol. VI, Pp.483, page no. 424. 11. Dr. S. C. Dhyani, Rasa – Panchaka, Krishnadas Academy, 1994, Pp.162, page no.66, 67. 12. Dr. S. C. Dhyani, Rasa – Panchaka, Krishnadas Academy, 1994, Pp.162, page no.114.

Ayurveda is most old terser of medical science where many diseases have been described in details with advance treatment which is gradually achieved by conventional medical science now. Pterygium is a degenerative condition of conjunctiva of unclear aetiology. Although, the successful treatment are available but frequent cases of recurrence occurring. Out of 76 types of Netra Rogas described by Acharya Sushruta, 40 diseases indicated to be cure by surgical and Para-surgical procedure. Arma is a disease having exact similar entities to Pterygium explained in very advance form with absolute medical and surgical treatment to cure and check the recurrence of disease. The types of pterygium mentioned are not explained in conventional science and would be area of research. The technique of surgery and precaution indicated while performing surgery is marvellous. Above it the drugs used after, to remove the remnant part and to check the recurrence in the form of Lekhana Anjana (scarifying agent) are having anti-angiogenic properties to stop the growth of tissue is now the idea to use anti-mitotic drugs (Mitomycin C etc) in conventional science to check the recurrence. The assessment of adequate excision of tissue and post-operative management to mitigate the pain, congestion indicates fines of surgery conducted during those days. Due to lack of understanding or inertness and some hindrances, surgery in Netra roga left behind and not got judicious position. So here it has been try to express the finest skill of eyes surgery in Ayurveda to make main stream of treatment. REFERANCES 1. 1. A.K. Khurana, Comprehensive Ophthalmology: Diseases of Conjunctiva; Chapter - 5,Jaypee health Sciences Publisher, New Delhi Sixth Edition 2015. 2. Abdelrahman G. Salman, Dina Ezzat mansour: The recurrence of pterygium after different modalities of surgical treatment, Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov >PMC3729301. 3. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Commentry by Kaviraj Ambika Dutta Shastri, Shuklagata Rogavigyaniya Chapter 4, Shloka No. 4-6, Chaukhambha Sanskrita Pratishthan, Delhi Re-edition 2012. 4. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Commentry by Kaviraj Ambika Dutta Shastri, Chheda Roga Pratishedha Chapter 15, Shloka No. 3-19, Chaukhambha Sanskrita Pratishthan, Delhi Re-edition 2012. 5. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Commentry by Kaviraj Ambika Dutta Shastri, Chheda Roga Pratishedha Chapter 15, Shloka No. 16-17, Chaukhambha Sanskrita Pratishthan, Delhi Re-edition 2012. 6. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Commentry by Kaviraj Ambika Dutta Shastri, Raktabhishyanda Pratishedha Chapter 12, Shloka No. 24-27, Chaukhambha Sanskrita Pratishthan, Delhi Re-edition 2012. 7. Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hridya, Commentry by Brahmananda Tripathi, Sandhi-Sita-Asita Roga Pratshedha Chapter 11, Shloka No. 25-26, Chaukhambha Sanskrita Pratishthan, Delhi Re-edition 2012. 8. A.K. Khurana, Comprehensive Ophthalmology: Ophthalmic Instruments and Operative Ophthalmology; Chapter-26, Jaypee health Sciences Publisher, New Delhi Sixth Edition 2015. 9. Liu Y., Yadev V. R., Aggarwal B.B., Nair M.G., Inhibitory effects of black pepper extracts and compounds on human tumour cell proliferation, cyclooxygenase enzyme, lipid peroxidation and nuclear transcription factor-Kappa-B, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov > pubmed, Nat Prod Commun. 2010 Aug;5(8):1253-7. 10. S.M. Sagar, MD, D. Yance, M H & R K Wong MD, Natural health products that inhibit angiogenesis: a potential source for investigation new agent to treat cancer – part 2, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov >PMC 1891180 11. Majdalawieh AF, Carr RI, In vitro investigation of the potential immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activity of Black pepper and Cardamom, www.ncbi.nlm.nil.gov J Med Food 2010 Apr;13(2):371-81. 12. Kakarala m., et al., targeting breast stem cells with the cancer preventive compound curcumin & piperine. Breast Cancer Research & Treatment, 2009, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov >PMC 3039120. 13. Manisha dev mandal & Shyamapada Mandal, Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov >PMC 3609166. 14. Julie Edger, Medicinal use of honey: What the research shows – Web MD feature Archive, www.m.webmed.com > diet>features

Obesity is currently an increasingly prevalent metabolic disorder affecting more than 1.9 billion adults globally in 2014. In Ayurveda, Medoroga or Sthaulya (obesity) is considered as a medo doshaja vyadhi and also one among the kaphaja nanatmaja vyadhis. Kapha and meda are having ashrayashrayi bhava and Amritadya Guggulu is having Kapha and Medanashaka Properties. Hence the present study was under taken to assess the effect of this drug. The study was a prospective comparative Clinical Trial of two groups each of 20 patients. All the 40 patients of obesity taken from OPD section of Desh Bhagat Ayurvedic Hospital, Mandi Gobindgarh fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the trial. They were divided into two groups randomly. The patients of Group A received Amritadya Guggulu 1 gm. BD with lukewarm water with honey for 60 days and patients of Group B received Amritadya Guggulu with Triphala Kwatha mixed with honey for 60 days. In Group A, among 20 patients 2.5% patients showed marked response, 45% patients showed moderate response and 51% patients showed mild response. In Group B among 20 patients, 5% patients showed good response, 59.4 % patients showed moderate response and 35.6% has shown highly significance. In this present study, Amritadya Guggulu with two different anupaans was tried and in both groups , significant results were found but more significant results were found in Group B. REFERANCES 1. 1. Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana, Ashtaunindatiya adyaya, 21/9. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana, Varanasi, 2011;302 2. World health Report ‘2002’ www.who.int/whr/2002/overview/en/ updated on 12/10/2014 3. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/cited on 11/05/2015 4. Kasper, Braunwald et.al. Harrison’s -Principles of Internal Medicine (2008), 17 th Edition, McGraw Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York, vol.1. Ch.64. Pg. No.427 5. Sharma P.V, Chakradatta, Sthaulya Chikitsa adhyaya, 36/17, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 1998; 299 6. Yogaratanakara, Yogaratanakara, Uttarardha, Medoroga Nidana Adhyayaa, Shlok No.1, Edited by Brahma Shankar Shastri, 5th Edition, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 1993;97 7. Pandey Gyanender, Rasa Chandanshu-Rasaraja Sangrah; Purva Khanda,Mishraka dravya Nirupanam Adhyaya. Sh. No. 337, Chaukhambha Krishandasa Accademy, Varanasi, 2010;.65 8. Christopher Hsleet et.al. 1999, Davidson’s, Principle and Practice of Medicine; 18th Edition, Churchil livingtone, U.K., Chapter No.7. 1999;526 9. www.triphalapowdrebenefits.com/triphala-churna/cited on 13/05/2015 10. www.progressivehealth.com/gum-guggul-for-weight-loss.html cited on 13/05/2015