Volume 9, Issue 2

- Diseases of plants are a major problem for agricultural Worldwide. Fungal diseases have been one of the principal causes of crop loss. Seed-borne diseases are of two types, Internal and external seed-borne pathogens. Seed-borne pathogens results in seed rot, seedlings decay etc. Conditions for treatment of fungus were done in two major ways that is In-vivo and In-vitro way. Field treatment is known as In-vivo treatment. Prevention for the spread of disease is controlled by various techniques, among them Blotter technique was used for the experiment. The objective of the work is to determine the wilting of seedlings then after to compare, its efficacy of seed-borne pathogen of maize. The effects of major seed- borne fungus pathogens against maize seedlings were studied. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal level of wilting of seedlings separately. The effects of different pathogens were observed on the seedling. Seven days of treatment cause wilting occurs. Major three fungus pathogens (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger & Fusarium oxysporum) were sprayed for those experiment separately in separate pots simultaneously. Tested fungus pathogen Aspergillus flavus shows fast witting of seedlings among other two by A. niger and F. oxysporum possesses wilting properties respectively. Seed-borne pathogen may be different types of bacteria and can be studied on applying that bacteria in different other plant seedlings rather than maize seedlings. Key-words: Antimicrobial properties, Blotter technique, Nutritive media. References:- 1. Cardoza, Y. J. Alborn, H.T. & Tumlinson, J. H. 2002. In-vivo volatile emission from peanut plants induced by simultaneous fungal infection and insect damage. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28: 161-174. 2. CBS 2011, Population Census 2001, National Report. Central Bureau of Statistics HMG/N Kathmandu. 3. Cornelissen, B.J.C. & Melchers, L.S. 1993. Strategies for control of fungal diseases with transgenic plants. Journal of Plant Physion. 101: 709-712. 4. Dalvi, R.R. and Whittiker, M.B. 1995.Taxicological implications of the metabolism of benomyl in animals. Journal of Environmental Biology.16: 333-338. 5. Galvano, F. Piva, A. Ritieni, A. & Galvano, G. 2001.Dietary strategies to counteract the effect of mycotoxins: a review. Journal of Food Protection. 64: 120-131. 6. Gatto, M.A. Ippolito, A. Linsalta, V. Cascarano, N.A. Nigro, F. Vanadia, S. and Di Venere, D. 2011. Activity of extracts from wild edible herbs against post-harvest fungal diseases of fruit and vegetables. Post-harvest Biology and Technology. 61: 72-82. 7. Hussain,H.Badawy,A.Elshazly,A.Elsayed, A. Krohn,K. Riaz,M. and Schulz,B.2011. Chemical constitutes and antimicrobial activity of Salix subserrata. Records of Natural Products. 5: 133. 8. Kharde,M. N.Wabale, A. S. Adhav, R.M.Jadhav, B. D. Wabale, A. M. and Pandey, M. 2010. Effect of plant extracts on fungal pathogens causing leaf blight of tomato in vitro.Asian J. of Exp. Biol. Sci.Spl. 3: 121-123. 9. Manandhar, K.L.1983. Investigation of maize diseases in Nepal-I: Identification and prevalence. Journal of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science. 4: 45-56. 10. Mishra, M. and Tiwari, S. N. 1990. Ethanolic extract toxicity of three botanicals against five fungal pathogens of rice. National Academy of Science Letters. 13: 409-412. 11. MoAD, 2014, statistical information on Nepalese agriculture 2070/71. Agri-business promotion and statistics division. Ministry of Agriculture Devlopment, Kathmandu, Nepal. 12. Montes-Belmont, R. & Carvajal, M. 1998. Control of Aspergillus flavus in maize with plant essential oils and their components. Journal of Food Protection. 61: 616-619. 13. Philips, D.J. 1984. Mycotoxins as a post-harvest problem .In: Moline, H.E.(Ed.),Post-harvest Pathology of Fruits and Vegetables. Post-harvest Losses in Peridhable Crops. Agricultural Experimental Stations, University of California. Berkeley Publications. 3: 50-54. 14. Pozo, M.J. & Aguilar, C. A. 2005. Unraveling micorrhiza induced resistant. Current Opionion in Plant Biology. 10: 393-398. 15. Samia, M. EI-Khallal. 2007. Australian Journal of Basic Applied Science. 1: 691-705. 16. Stinson, E.E.Osman,S.F.Heisler,E.G.Siciliano, J. and Bills,D.D. 1981.Mycotoxin production in whole tomatoes , apples,oranges, and lemons. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 29: 790-792. 17. Yu,T. & Zheng, X.2006. Salicylic acid enhances by control efficacy of the antagonistic Cryptococcus laurentii in apple fruits. Journal of plant growth regulation. 25: 166-174.

Objective: To formulate and evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of Hibiscus emulgel. Methods: The emulsions of methanolic extract of Hibiscus were prepared by using different oils like light liquid paraffin, coconut oil, olive oil and by using varying concentrations of Tween80 and Span80. Based on the physicochemical characteristics the best selected emulsion was formulated into emulgel by using different gelling agents like Carbopol 934,HPMC E15, NaCMC in different ratios. Optimization of the prepared emulgel formulations was done based on for their physicochemical parameters and percentage drug release. Optimized formulation OEG4 was evaluated for Anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model. Results: The present investigation shows the physicochemical characterization of prepared emulgels such as spread ability, viscosity, drug content, In vitro diffusion studies, stability studies. The stability studies were performed as per ICH guidelines at two different temperatures for 3months i.e., room temperature (25±20C/60+5%RH) and (40±2̊C/75+5%RH). The drug content of the optimized formulation OEG4 was monitored for a period of 90days. The optimized emulgel formulation OEG4 was compared with Diclofenac sodium as a standard drug for evaluating theanti-inflammatory activity. The optimized formulation showed maximum inhibition of 85.46% was observed at 4hrs of administration. There was statistically significant reduction in paw edema by test gel (p<0. 01) when compared with standard emulgel. Conclusion: The present study concluded that Hibiscus emulgel showed potential anti-inflammatory activity.

– Acharya Charaka has designated ahara (food), nidra (sleep) and brahmacharya (abstinence) as the main three pillars of life termed as trayaupastambhas. These, when taken in adequate amount at the right time provide stability to the body and improve bala (stremgth), varna (complexion) and upchaya (metabolism) in the body. Among these, nidra plays a major role in one’s life. Adequate sleep leads to arogya (health), bala shukra vridhi (increase in physical and reproductive strength) and dhatusamyata and healthy life which is the ultimate goal of Ayurveda. On the other hand, altered sleep leads to bala hani (loss of strength), rugnavastha (diseased state) or even death. So it can be said that abnormal or inadequate nidra can manifest in the form of dhatuvikara, making a person atura (diseased). For better economic gains, people are neglecting their daily needs of having proper ahara, nidra and other required vihara at proper time. Due to these reasons, people are becoming more prone towards diseased state. Dashavidha-atura pariksha, given by Acharya Charak is very unique and important concept of Ayurveda which is done to know pramana (magnitude) of ayu (life), dosha and bala (strength) of rogi. Dhatusara pariksha is one among these which literally means essence of dhatu, possessing all good qualities in excellent standard without any defects. The present study was done to study the relationship of nidra on dhatusarata, with the purpose that people should understand the importance of nidra as only a healthy individual can lead to the formation of a healthy society.

– Srotas are the channels for the purpose of secretion, conduction and transportation of body constituents. In sroto vimaniya adhyay (Cha. Vi. 5) Charakacharya has mentioned 13 srotas and their respective mulasthana except manovaha srotas. But in Charaka Sharirsthana 1/20, Charaka Indriyasthan 5/41 and Charaka Chikitsasthan 9/5 manovaha srotas has been mentioned clearly. With context to Chakrapani tika on above references it is said that Hriday and Dasha Dhamani is the site of Mana. Anatomically hriday is considered as heart. But here heart cannot be considered as the site of mana. Mana does mainly functions of emotional, intellectual activities. All these are related to brain functions. In this study hriday is considered as brain not the heart. Hriday name means the organ which takes something, gives something and transports something. The brain does same activity like responses to incoming sensory, outgoing motor and nerve conduction. Hriday has also one meaning ie centre place. Brain is the part of central nervous system. Functions of brain matches with functions of mana mentioned in samhitas.