Volume 6, Issue 2

Shalya Tantra, the integral part of Ayurvedic system contains detail description of Shastra Karma along with certain Para surgical procedures such as Kshara Karma, Agni Karma, and Jaloukavacharana. Among these Para surgical measures, Kshara Karma is having supreme place due to its tremendous properties in curing diseases. There are different methods of treatment are described in Ayurveda for the management of fistula in ano based on its severity. Among them Achyranthes aspera (Pratisaraneeya Kshara) is one, which replaces the surgical intervention even and cures the condition without the help of surgical instruments. Kshara is the main ingredient in ksharasutra. Kshara is a kind of medication described in Ayurveda Texts for the management of various disorders. The word Kshara is derived from the root Kshara, means to melt away or to perish. Acharya Sushruta defines as the material which destroys or cleans the excessive morbid doshas (Kshyaranat Kshyananat va Kshara). The drug which has the characteristics of Kshanan or Ksharan literally means that which destroys fleshy mass either healthy or unhealthy is Kshara. Charaka says Kshara is one which scrapes the abnormal tissue from its location and destroys it after dissolving it, because of its corrosive nature. Despite having so many activities no reports found on the antibacterial activity of Achyranthes aspera kshara, present study was under taken to study antibacterial activity of Achyranthes aspera Kshara. for both type cultures as well as clinical cultures. The Achyranthes aspera was used for the preparation of ksharasutra tested its antibacterial activity. According to the Susrutha samhitha, the Achyranthes aspera was collected, identified, prepared kshara and tested antibacterial activities against bacteria isolated from fistula in ano. Extract were prepared by cold extraction method in which 25g of kshara powders were separately soaked in equal volume of dichloromethane and methanol (125ml) for 24 hrs at room temperature and shaken occasionally. The extract were filtered and then concentrated by evaporating the solvent at room temperature. The residue (50g) was stored in the airtight glass bottle in a refrigerator. Different concentrations of extract (100mg/ml) were prepared in DMS0 (Dimethyle sulofxide) for checking the antibacterial activity. The test bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogens, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeuruginosa, isolated from fistula specimens, and standard strains (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)], S. aureus (ATCC 25923), S. pyogens (ATCC 19615), E. coli (ATCC 25922)and P. aeuruginosa (27853) all the type cultures were obtained from stored samples at Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo. The test organisms were grown in Muller Hinton agar medium. Twenty-four hour old pure cultured bacteria were used to prepare a density of 108 cells mL−1 of 0.5 McFarland standards during each test. Muller-Hinton agar was prepared according to the manufacturer's instruction, autoclaved and dispensed at sterile plate. The aliquot was spread evenly onto Muller Hinton agar by sterile cotton swab. Then, the plated medium was allowed to dry at room temperature for 30 minutes. On each plate, equidistant wells were made with a 6 mm diameter sterilized, cork borer, 2 mm from the edge of the plate. Fifty micro liter of kshara extract (100 mg/ml) was aseptically introduced into a respective agar well. Amoxicillin (100 mg/ml) were used as positive controls and the distilled water were included as negative controls. This was followed by allowing the agar plate on the bench for 40 minutes pre-diffusion followed by incubation at 37 °C for 24-48 h. The formation of clear inhibition zone of ≥7 mm diameters around the wells was regarded as significant susceptibility of the organisms to the extract. The Achyranthes aspera pratiksaraniya kshara showed significant level of antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogens, Escherichia coli .But no inhibition was observed for P. aeuruginosa. The zone of inhibition range from 19mm to 23mm was observed for the Achyranthes aspera kshara REFERANCES · Aparna saraf, Aruna samant,Evaluation of some minerals and trace elements in Acyranthes aspera, International Journal of Pharmar Science,2013, vol 3, pg 229-233. · Ashtanga Hridaya; Vagbhata;Bhagandara pratisheda, Uttra tantra; Suthrasthana 11th Edition,1993, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 28th Ch, Pg 551-554. · Cragg GM and Newman DJ. Medicinals for the millennia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2001; 953:3-25. · Elumalai EK, Chandrasekaran N, Thirumalai N, Sivakumar C, Viviyan Therasa SV and David E. Achyranthes aspera leaf extracts inhibitited fungal growth. International journal of pharmaceutical research 2009; 4:1576-1579. · Emori TG and Gaynes RP: An overview of nosocomial infections, including the role of the microbiology laboratory. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1993; 6:428-42. · Lee HS: Growth inhibitory effect of various medicinal plants against lactic acid and harmful intestinal bacteria. Food Science and Biotechnology 2000; 9:52-56. · Makari HK, Haraprasad N, Patil HS and Ravikumar: In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Hexane and Methanolic Extracts of Cordia Wallichii and Celastrus Paniculata. The Internet Journal of Aesthetic and Antiaging Medicine 2008; 1:1-10. · Srivastava J, Lambert J and Vietmeyer N: Medicinal plants: An expanding role in development. World Bank Technical Paper 1996; No. 320. · Sushruta; Chikitsa sthana-Bhagandara chikitsa; Sushruta Samhita, 5th Edition, 1994 Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi 18th Ch. Pg. 421-425. · Sushruta; Nidana sthana-Bhagandara nidana; Sushruta Samhita, 5th Edition, 1994 Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi. 4th Ch. Pg. 241-242. · Sushruta; Nidana, Sharira, Chikitsa sthana; Sushruta with Nibandha sangraha vyakya of Dalhana and Nyaya chandrika Panjika of Gayadasachrya, 6th Edition, 1997, Chowkhamba Orientalia, Varanasi. · Sushruta; suthra sthana-Bhagandara nidana; Sushruta Samhita, 5th Edition, 1994 Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi. 1st Ch. Uniyal SK, Singh KN, Jamwal P and Lal B: Traditional use of medicinal plants among the tribal communities of Chhota Bhangal, Western Himalaya. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2006; 2: 1-14 ·

CBL i.e.Case based Learning is a problem solving developing skill.This can be carried out in a large group of students.When we teach any disease in Rognidan alongwith the therotical lecture,the practical demonstration of case with clinical examination and showing the symptoms on patient is equally important.The impact of CBL, in learning a disease is more effective. Case based learning is very important teaching tool which can make teaching more effective in the clinical subject like Rognidan.In medical colleges students must apply the basic principles of clinical examination to various clinical situations.When students are first time exposed to a clinical subject of Rognidan in third year BAMS,they find a little difficult to understand the disease properly.,i.e theoretically and clinically.Practical application of basic principles of rogi pariksha vidhi plays an important role in understanding the disease.CBL method can make teaching more interesting,practical oriented and self directed.The students can improve their interpersonal and decision making skills.They can be confident in understanding the disease theoretically as well as clinically which can be useful in diagnosis of the patient.Because clinical visualization with lectures can be best memorized REFERANCES · 1.Madhav nidan Part 2 2.P.J.Mehta –Medicine 3.Clinical methods of Hutchison.

Ayurveda classics & modern texts provided huge information about the Saptaparna (Alstonia scholaris R. Br.) with its importance, synonyms, uses, part used, formulations and thus more. It is highlighted in diseased conditions like Jwara (fever), Swasa (Asthama), Kustha (skin disease), Prameha (diabetes) etc. Saptaparna is one of the divine medicinal plant among the plants of Ayurveda. But, the data of information are in a scattered manner. Hence, an effort has been induced to accumulate the information regarding Saptaparna from mainly Bruhata trays (Charaka Samhita, Sushurta Samhita, Ashthanga Sangraha and Asthanga Hridaya), five Nighantus and other advanced texts. This article will assist to the Ayurvedic industrial people, learners of Ayurveda and the persons interested in Ayurveda with the detailed materials of Saptaparna. REFERANCES · 1. Krunal et al., Pharmacognostical standardization of Saptaparna (Alstonia scholaris R. Br.) Stem bark, Pharma Science Monitor, 5(3), Jul-Sep, 2014, 248-255. 2. Kirtikar KR and Basu BD, Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. I, (Allahabad: Lalit Mohan Basu Publishers, 2002) 111-114. 3. Iwo MI, Soemardji AA, Retnoningrum DS and Sukrasno UUM, Immunostimulating effect of pule (Alstonia scholaris L. R. Br., Apocynaceae) bark extracts, Clinical emorheology and Microcirculation, 23, 2000, 177-183. 4. Jagetia GC and Baliga MS, Evaluation of anticancer activity of the alkaloid fraction of Alstonia scholaris (Sapthaparna) in vitro and in vivo, Phytotherapy Research, 20 (2), 2006, 103-109. 5. Kamlesh Bhogayata, B. R. Patel, Bhakti Chhaya, Krunal Doshi, Joban Modha. Phytochemical Screening of Saptaparna (Alstonia Scholaris R. Br.) Bark. AYUSHDHARA, 2015; 2 (2):71-76. 6. Caraka. Charakasamhita. Sastri K, Chaturvedi P, editors. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharti Academy; 2005. 7. Susruta. Susruta Samhita. Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji, editor. 1 st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; 2009. Vagbhata. Ashtangasamgraha. with hindi commentary by Atridev Gupta. Varanasi; Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy; reprint 2005. 9. Vagbhata. Asthangahrdayam. Paradkar Harishastri, editor. 1 st ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy; 2006. 10. Ibidem 6. Charaka Samhita. 11. Ibidem 7. Susruta Samhita. 12. Ibidem 8. Asthangasamgraha. 13. Ibidem 9. Asthangahridaya. 14. Ibidem 6. Charaka Samhita. 15. Ibidem 7. Susruta Samhita. 16. Ibidem 8. Asthangasamgraha. 17. Ibidem 9. Asthangahridaya. 18. Ibidem 6. Charaka Samhita. 19. Ibidem 7. Susruta Samhita. 20. Ibidem 8. Asthangasamgraha. 21. Ibidem 9. Asthangahridaya. 22. Ibidem 6. Charaka Samhita. 23. Ibidem 7. Susruta Samhita. 24. Ibidem 8. Asthangasamgraha. 25. Ibidem 9. Asthangahridaya. 26. Ibidem 6. Charaka Samhita. 27. Ibidem 7. Susruta Samhita. 28. Ibidem 8. Asthangasamgraha. 29. Ibidem 9. Asthangahridaya. 30. Ibidem 6. Charaka Samhita. 31. Ibidem 7. Susruta Samhita. 32. Ibidem 8. Asthangasamgraha. 33. Ibidem 9. Asthangahridaya. 34. Ibidem 6. Charaka Samhita. 35. Ibidem 7. Susruta Samhita. 36. Ibidem 8. Asthangasamgraha. 37. Ibidem 9. Asthangahridaya. 38. Sharma PV, editor. Dhanvantari Nighantu. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2002.p.105. 39. Madanpala. Illustrated Madanpala Nighantu by J. L. N. Shastry. First ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2010.p.541-542. 40. Kaiyadeva. Kaiyadeva Nighantu. Sharma PV, Guru Prasad Sharma, editors. reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2009.p.176. 41. Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. Pandey GS, editor. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2006.p.546. 42. Pandit Narahari. Raja Nighantu. Indradeo Tripathi, editor. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 2003.p.401-402. 43. Bapalal Vaidya. Nignantu Adarsh, Vol. I & II, 2nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Vidya Bhawan; 1968. 44. Vaman Shivram Apte. The Student’s Sanskrit-English Dictionary. 13th ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas Prakashan Private limited; 2011. 45. Monier Williams. A Sanskrit English Dictionary. New Delhi: Bharatiya Granthh Niketan; 2007. 46. Ibidem 38. Dhanvantari Nighantu. 47. Ibidem 39. Madanpal Nighantu. 48. Ibidem 40. Kaiyadeva Nighantu. 49. Ibidem 41. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. 50. Ibidem 42. Raja Nighantu. 51. Ibidem 43. Nighantu Adarsh. 52. Ibidem 38. Dhanvantari Nighantu. 53. Ibidem 39. Madanpal Nighantu. 54. Ibidem 40. Kaiyadeva Nighantu. 55. Ibidem 41. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. 56. Ibidem 42. Raja Nighantu. 57. Ibidem 38. Dhanvantari Nighantu. 58. Ibidem 39. Madanpal Nighantu. 59. Ibidem 40. Kaiyadeva Nighantu. 60. Ibidem 41. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. 61. Ibidem 42. Raja Nighantu. 62. Ibidem 43. Nighantu Adarsh. 63. P. V. Sharma. Dravyaguna- Vijnana. Vol. II, Reprint. Varansi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2005.p.710. 64. Hooker J. D. Flora of British India, Vol. III. Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 1999. p. 642. 65. Nadkarni A. K. Indian materia medica. 3rd edi, Vol I. Bombay: Popular Book Depot; 1954.p.892 66. Basu BD, Kirtikar KR. Indian Medicinal plants, 2nd edn. Dehradun: International Book Distributors; 2008. Chopra R.N., Nayar S.L. and I.C. Chopra. Glossary of Indian Medicinal plants. New Delhi: C.S.I.R.; 1956.p.184. 68. Theodore Cooke. Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, Vol. II. Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 1997. p.132. 69. P. C. Sharma, M. B. Yelne, T. J. Dennis. Data base on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda. Vol.-I. New Delhi: CCRAS, Dept. of ISM & H, ministry of health & family welfare, Govt. of India; 2000. p. 384.

Bronchitis is a respiratory disease in which the mucous membrane in the lungs and the bronchial passages become inflamed and as the irritated membrane swells and grows thicker, it narrows or shuts off the tiny airways in the lungs, resulting in cough spells which may be accompanied by phlegm and breathlessness. The pooled prevalence of chronic bronchitis across the twelve centers surveyed by INSEARCH was found 3.49% (4.07% in rural and 2.50% in urban areas), and is also known to be the most common respiratory disorder resulting from various infections, irritants or pollutants. Haridra is a known kaphaghana, possessing given properties as per Ayurveda, i.e Kushthaghna, Pramehahar, Krimighna, Raktadoshanashak, Shothahar, Apachihar, Kamala, Medhya, lekhana, Vranaropan, Panduhar, Pinasahar, Aruchihar, Twakdoshahar, Varnya, Balya, Kandughna and Vishaghna And according to modern are anticancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antihepatotoxic activity, anti-oxidant activity, antidepressant activity, inhibition of aggregation of human blood platelets, topoisomerase i and ii enzyme inhibition activity, antifungal activity and mosquitocidal activity, neuroprotective activity, hypoglycemic activity, hypolipidaemic activity, antifungal activity, wound healing activity, anti allergic and anti histamine activity and complexion promoting activity and thereby this study was done to study its properties and mechanism of action in bronchitis. REFERANCES · 1. Shri. Sudrashan.Sastri; Madhav Nidana of Madhavkara Vidyotini teeka, Reprint edition 2004, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit santhan, (Vol II); 153. 2. Dr. Kashinath Pandey, Charaka Samhita vidyotini teeka, Reprint 7th edition 2005, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit santhan, (Vol I); 587. 3. Harsh Mohan textbook of pathology, Published by Jaypee brother’s Publications New Delhi. 4th edition-2002. 4. N SJL. Dravyaguna Vigyan. In. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2005. p. 513-514. 5. Sharma PV, editor. Dhanvantari Nighantu. In. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 1982. p. 25-26. 6. Chunekar KC. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu of Shree Bhavamishra. In Pandey GS, editor.. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharti Academy; 2010. p. 111-112. 7. Nrupamadanpal. Madanpal Nighantu. 1st ed. Upadhayaya R, editor. Mumbai: Khemaraj Shrikrishnadas Prakashana; 1990. 8. Narhari P. Rajanighantu. 1st ed. Tripathi i, editor. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 1982. 9. Kaiyadeva. Kaiyadeva Nighantu(Pathyapathyavibodhakah). 1st ed. Sharma PV, Sharma GP, editors. Delhi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 1979. 10. Zankhana M Buch, Jayashree Joshi, Ashok Amonkar, Ashok B Vaidya, Interventional role of Haridra (Curcuma longa Linn) in cancer, Clinical cancer investigation journal, Year : 2012, Volume: 1, Issue : 2, Page : 45-50. 11. Victor Kim and Gerard J. Criner "Chronic Bronchitis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease", American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 187, No. 3 (2013), pp. 228-237. 12. Kharat Ravindra Sahebrao1, Lad Meenal Deepak, REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF HARIDRA (CURCUMA LONGA L.), World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Volume 3, Issue 6, 412-423. Review Article ISSN 2277 – 7105 13. Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Agarwal R, Kumar R, Kaur T, Chaudhry K, Shah B, Indian study on epidemiology of asthma, respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis in adults (INSEARCH), Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012 Sep;16(9):1270-7.

Sushruta has mentioned about avayav utpatti siddhant. Cancer spreads from one organ to another called as metastasis. There is no thumb rule for deposition of secondary metastasis. This avayav utpatti siddhant can be helpful to predict secondary deposition. In 1779 cases of cancer of 9 primary sites were studied and avayav utpatti siddhant proved significant role in secondary metastasis. REFERANCES · Shushrut samhita Hindi Vyakhya, Edited by Dr.Anantaram Sharma, Year 2009th edition, Published by Choukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi. · Charak Samhita, Edited by Vidyadhar Shukla & Prof.Ravidatta Tripathi, Year 2006th edition, Published by Choukhamba Surbharti prakashan, Varanasi. · Astang Hridaya Hindi Vyakhya, Edited by Dr.Bramhananda Tripathi, Year 2007th edition, Published by Choukhamba Surbharti prakashan, Varanasi. · Sushrut Samhita Dallhan Tika, Year 2010th edition, published by Choukhamba Surbharti prakashan, Varanasi. · Sushrut Samhita Shareera Sthana, Edited by Dr.B.G.Ghanekar, Year 2006th edition, Published by Choukhamba Surbharti prakashan, Varanasi. · Kashyap Samhita, Edited by Pandit Hemraj Sharma, Reprint Year 2012, Published by Choukhamba Sanskrut Sansthan, Varanasi. · Sharangdhar Samhita, Edited by Dr Brahmanand Tripathi, Year 2012, published by Choukhamba Surbharti prakashan, Varanasi. · Sarth Vagbhatt (Vagbhattkrut Astanghriday), Edited by Dr. Ganesh Krushna Garde, 2nd Edition, published by Choukhamba Surbharti Publication, Varanasi. · Amarkosha, Edited by Shri Pandit Hargovind Shastri, Edition 1990, Published by Choukhamba Vidyabhavan Varanasi. · Vaidyakiya Sabdasindhu, Edited by Kaviraj Umesh Chandra Gupta, Chaukambha orientalia Varanasi. · Astang Sangraha (Indu virachit ‘Sheelalekh’), Dr.Jyotimitra Acharya, Choukhamba Sanskrut Series of Varanasi. · Human Anatomy (Vol-1, 2&3), Edited by B.D. Chaurasia, Year 2009, Published by CBS, Delhi. · Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy (Vol-1, 2&3), Edited by G.J Romanes, Year 1998 15th edition, Published by Oxford University Press. · Gray’s Anatomy (The anatomical Basis of clinical Practice), 39th edition, Published by Elsevier Churchill Living stone. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th edition, published by Tortora/Grabowski.

Information technology has become an integral part of everyone including dental students. Rather technology is transforming dental students and education enormously. Students of the twenty first century belong to a generation that has grown up with universal access to online information and are often referred as digital natives or the Google generation1. Students can now access huge quantities of information from a diversity of sources at their own convenience and practically from any location. There are various methods of connectivity through emails, Facebook, WhatsApp etc. which are available at their own mobile and computers very easily. Social media originally provided for socialization but are gradually used for educational purposes by many students. Using the potential of connectivity through the social media for educational purpose is a talk of the current era. Recent studies have found that including social media tools into traditional educational environments increases student learning and collaborations2. In India, the social media for the purpose of education is hardly being used. Use of android mobiles by the students has increased tremendously in the world and in India. There are various domains available in social media especially Facebook. Facebook is a social networking website where over 750 million individuals share photos, videos, and commentary3. Initially Facebook was designed for college students only which were open to everyone4. It is useful website where you can post a comment and can upload videos, photos very easily. This capacity to communicate effortlessly has altered Facebook into an influential virtual community with endless possibilities. Considering the easy access through the computers and android mobiles, learning process can be made available to the students by using social media. Learning microbiology through such websites will improve the knowledge amongst the dental students. REFERANCES The summary should contain Context of the study (Word limit 100 words out of 500) Information technology is a boost to all human to interact through various social media such as Facebook. Everyone is well aware of the use of these technologies for various purposes such as sharing their thoughts, photos etc. Every student has got android mobile phone or computer of their own from which they can access the knowledge from anywhere at their ease. A thought of using this potential of student was in the mid as a teacher of microbiology. So, decided after going through the extensive faculty development program in regional center Aundh of MUHS as advance course MET. Learning microbiology is little difficult for students and especially for dental students. They have a full microbiology curriculum in their second year BDS course. Use of social media as teaching learning methodology was one of innovative idea which has been never tried in India as per our knowledge. Only few studies have been done in western countries for efficacy. So the present study was taken to know the feasibility, acceptability and the performance. The overall feedback was very good about the concept and idea of learning microbiology with the help of Facebook. Students have provided very positive feedback about the project. Even the Facebook group performed well than the controls group. But this is very preliminary type of study and need more time and continuous efforts to see long term effects. But overall activity was very much interactive during project work. They requested to continue further also.

Shwitra is a dermatological disorder having its references in the vedas. It is caused by the imbalance of all three doshas (vata, pitta, kapha) vitiating rakta, mamsa and meda dhatus. The disease involves the skin and does not cause pain, ulceration or any secretions. Shwitra inflates an inferiority complex in the persons affected. Shwitra can be corelated to leucoderma. It affects 1% of world population. Shwitra emerges as a sequel to irregular dietary habits and life style changes. Ayurveda focuses on viruddha ahara (incompatible food) which causes the vitiation of all doshas. It is a cause of many skin diseases like shwitra etc because whatever we eat that affects on our body as well as mind also. So we should eat healthy food which will enhance our health. And avoid eating incompatible food as preventive measures of the diseases. Avoidance of intake of incompatible food play key role in the prevention of disease REFERANCES 1. Dr. Ram Karan Sharma and Bhagwan Dash ; Charka Samitha; Reprint edition 2014; Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi.(Volume I). 2. Dr. Ambika Datta Shatri, Sushruta Samhita, Reprint 5th edition 2007, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit santhan, (Vol I); 85. 3. Srikanth Murthi S.R, Astang Sangaraha, 9th edition 2005, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia, (Vol I); 202. 4. Shri. Sudrashan.Sastri; Madhav Nidana of Madhavkara Vidyotini teeka, Reprint edition 2004, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit santhan, (Vol II); 153. 5. .Dr. Kashinath Pandey, Charaka Samhita vidyotini teeka, Reprint 7th edition 2005, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit santhan, (Vol I); 587. 6. Srikanth Murthi K.R.,Astang Hridyam, 7th edition 1982, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia, (Vol I); 114. 7. Srikanth Murthi K.R., Sushruta Samhita, 1st edition 2000, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia, (Vol I); 146. 8. A.H.Su.7/52 Ashtanga Hriday (Vagbhata) Sutrasthana-I Written byDr.T.Sreekumar,Page.no.213,Published by Publication by Hareesree Hospital, Mannuthy, Kerala, Edn 3rd 2011. 9. Harsh Mohan textbook of pathology, Published by Jaypee brother’s Publications, New Delhi. 4th edition-2002. 10. Carakasamhita of Agnivesa by Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla , Prof. Ravi Dutt Tripathi, Volume I, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, Delhi.

Shwitra is a dermatological disorder having its references in the vedas. It is caused by the imbalance of all three doshas (vata, pitta, kapha) vitiating rakta, mamsa and meda dhatus. The disease involves the skin and does not cause pain, ulceration or any secretions. Shwitra inflates an inferiority complex in the persons affected. Shwitra can be corelated to leucoderma. It affects 1% of world population. Shwitra emerges as a sequel to irregular dietary habits and life style changes. Ayurveda focuses on viruddha ahara (incompatible food) which causes the vitiation of all doshas. It is a cause of many skin diseases like shwitra etc because whatever we eat that affects on our body as well as mind also. So we should eat healthy food which will enhance our health. And avoid eating incompatible food as preventive measures of the diseases. Avoidance of intake of incompatible food play key role in the prevention of disease REFERANCES 1. Dr. Ram Karan Sharma and Bhagwan Dash ; Charka Samitha; Reprint edition 2014; Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi.(Volume I). 2. Dr. Ambika Datta Shatri, Sushruta Samhita, Reprint 5th edition 2007, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit santhan, (Vol I); 85. 3. Srikanth Murthi S.R, Astang Sangaraha, 9th edition 2005, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia, (Vol I); 202. 4. Shri. Sudrashan.Sastri; Madhav Nidana of Madhavkara Vidyotini teeka, Reprint edition 2004, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit santhan, (Vol II); 153. 5. .Dr. Kashinath Pandey, Charaka Samhita vidyotini teeka, Reprint 7th edition 2005, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit santhan, (Vol I); 587. 6. Srikanth Murthi K.R.,Astang Hridyam, 7th edition 1982, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia, (Vol I); 114. 7. Srikanth Murthi K.R., Sushruta Samhita, 1st edition 2000, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia, (Vol I); 146. 8. A.H.Su.7/52 Ashtanga Hriday (Vagbhata) Sutrasthana-I Written byDr.T.Sreekumar,Page.no.213,Published by Publication by Hareesree Hospital, Mannuthy, Kerala, Edn 3rd 2011. 9. Harsh Mohan textbook of pathology, Published by Jaypee brother’s Publications, New Delhi. 4th edition-2002. 10. Carakasamhita of Agnivesa by Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla , Prof. Ravi Dutt Tripathi, Volume I, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, Delhi.

Phytochemical analysis of leaves and shoot tips of Trigonella foenum-graecum L showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, terpenoids, flavonoids and quinones. The antibacterial activity of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. leaves and shoot tips on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi were evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Zones of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi were observed only in ethanol and methanol leaf and shoot tip extracts of fenugreek. The MIC values ranged from 2.73 and 87.5 mg/ml. REFERANCES Chen, X. 2011. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations(MBCs) for a novel antibiotic. Afr. J. Microbial. Res. 5(5): 572-575. Cheesbrough M (2006). District laboratory practical in tropical countries, Part 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 137-150. Devi M.S. and Kumar, B.S.2011. Evaluation of anti-diarrhoel activity of fenugreek seed (vendhayam) extracts in rats. International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Life Sciences. 2(1): 17-27. Egwaikhide P.A., Okeniyi, S.O. and Gimba, C.E. 2007. Screening for anti-microbial activity and phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Advances in Biological Research. 1(5-6): 155-158. Gurinder, J.K. and Daljit, S.A. 2009. Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of Anethum graveolens, Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi. BMC Complement Altern Med. 9: 30 Khandelwal, K.R. 2005. Practical pharmacognosy. 27-35. Kumar, G.S, Jayaveera, K.N, Kumar, A.C.K, Sanjay, U.P, Swamy, B.M.V and Kumar, D.V.K 2007. Antimicrobial effects of acne-inducing bacteria. Tropical journal pharmaceutical research 6, 717-723. Mace, M.E. 1963. Histochemical localization of phenols in healthy and diseased tomato roots. Phytochem.16: 915-925. Newman, D.J. and Cragg, G.M. 2007. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J. Nat. Prod. 70: 461-477. 10. Onyegbule, F.A, Sunday Adelusi, A. and Chukwudi Onyegbule, E.2011. Extractive visible spectrophotometric determination of chloroquine in pharmaceutical and biological materials. IJPSR. 2(1): 56-62. Peach, K. and Tracy, M.V. 1955. Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, Vol. III. German Edition, Springer Verlay, Berlin: 04, 464. Rashmi Yadav, Richa Tiwari, Partha Chowdhary and Chandan Kumar Pradhan. 2011. A pharmacognostical monograph of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds. Int. J. Pharm Pharm Sci. 3(5): 442-445. Ritu, K., Chatterjee Atanu, Singh Bhupender, Goel Ashutosh, and Sen Kalyan. 2010. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. IRJP. 1 (1): 181-183. Sathish Kumar, T., Rajesekaran, P., Shanmugam, S. and Bharathi Kumar V.M. 2007. Phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activivties of Elaeo carpus ganitrus Roxb. and Canthium parviflora Linn. leaves. Sumayya, A.R., Sivagami Srinivasan and Nabeelah Amatullah. 2012. Screening and biochemical quantification of phytochemicals in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). RJPBCS. 3(1): 165-169. Trease, C.E and Evans, W.C. 1989. Pharmacognosy. Bailliere Tindal, London. Thomas, J.E., Basu, S.K., and Acharya, S.N. 2006. Identification of Trigonella accessions which lack antimicrobial activity and are suitable for forage development.Can. J. Plant Sci., 86: 727-732. Waldi, D. 1965. Spray Reagents for Thin-Layer Chromatography. In: Egon Stahl (Ed.). Thin Layer Chromatography- A Laboratory Handbook. Acadmic press Inc., Publishers, New York, U.S.A.

The vector born diseases are increasing in the society. The mosquitoes are commonest amongst them. Many types of mosquito repellents are available. The instant cards prepared from the Ayurvedic herbs like Nirgudi, Nimbi, Tulsi, Haridr, Karpoor, Bhutrun. Effects were noted shows mosquito repellent activity with minimum cost and better duration of time. REFERANCES 1) Preventive and social medicine;Dr.K.Park(23rd edition) pg no.246 , 250 2) Preventive and social medicine;Dr.K.Park(23rd edition) pg no.246 3) Bhavprakash Nighantu;Chunekartika;ChaukhambaPrakashan,pg no.329 4) Bhavprakash Nighantu;Chunekartika;ChaukhambaPrakashan,pg no.314 5) Bhavprakash Nighantu;Chunekartika;ChaukhambaPrakashan,pg no.496 6) Bhavprakash Nighantu; Chunekartika;ChaukhambaPrakashan,pg no.111 7) Dravyaguna Vidnyan;Vd.V.M.Gogate;VaidyamitraPrakashan;pg. no.306 8) Bhavprakash Nighantu;Chunekartika;ChaukhambaPrakashan,pg no.370 9) Bhavprakash Nighantu;Chunekartika;ChaukhambaPrakashan,pg no.329 10) Bhavprakash Nighantu;Chunekartika;ChaukhambaPrakashan,pg no.314 11) Charak Samhita Sutrasthan Adhyay 27 ChaukhambaPrakashanpg no.162 12) Bhavprakash Nighantu;Chunekartika;ChaukhambaPrakashan,pg no.111 13) Dravyaguna Vidnyan;Vd.V.M.Gogate;VaidyamitraPrakashan;pg. no.308 14) W.R.I. Masamba, J.F.M.Kamanula,ElizabethM.T.Henry and G.K.C.Nyirenda; Malawi Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2003 15)Charak Samhita Sutrasthan Adhyay 4 Chaukhamba Prakashan pg no.33 16) Weili Liu, et al., Mosquito coil emissions and health implications. Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Sep; 111(12): 1454–1460, PMCID: PMC1241646 17)Zhang L1, Jiang Z, Using charcoal as base material reduces mosquito coil emissions of toxins. Indoor Air. 2010 Apr;20(2):176-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00639.x