Volume 2, Issue 3

Ras(taste) is considered as one of the important pharmaco-dynamic principles. Ayurvedic classics mentioned six rasa i.e,madhura, amla, lavana, katu, thikta and kashaya.It is to be assessed by tongue only. Present study was undertaken to develop a scale and unit for evaluation of rasa of the drug & assessment of threshold with reference to katu rasa. For this project 22 dravyas of katu rasa alone in the decoction form were included. This study is based on kwath kalpana and taste of various dilutions of katu rasa dravyas were administered to volunteers (organoleptic parameters) and observations were noted.

Acetone, methanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane and aqueous extract of green seaweeds Chetomorpha linum was screened for antibacterial activity by well diffusion methods against five fish bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes. In our observations the highest inhibition zone was recorded in methanol extract (28 mm) and ethyl acetate extract (20 mm) of C. linum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No activity was recorded in chloroform, distilled water and negative control against all tested pathogens. Results from this survey demonstrate that antimicrobial activities are prevalent among extracts from marine algae, suggesting that antimicrobial chemical defenses are widespread among marine plants. The present study provides enough data to show the potential of algae extract for development o anti-pathogenic agents for use in aquaculture.

The various extracts of Abutilon indicum (AI) were investigated for its anti-arthritic activity in In-vitro studies in male albino rats. The evaluation of anti-arthritic activity was carried out using Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis model. Methotrexate (0.75 mg/kg bw) was used as standard drug. The methanolic extract of Abutilon indicum exhibited significant anti-arthritic activity. Treatment with Abutilon indicum 400 mg/kg showed significant reduction (P<0.01) in paw volume on both 7th and 14th day. Reference standard Methotrexate also showed similar result in this regard. Abutilon indicum 100 and 200 mg/kg were found to be insignificant in reducing paw volume.

Sthaulya Roga (Obesity) contributes too much morbidity in the patients because it has been named the mother of Diabetes; Hypertension; Cerebro-vascular disease, Joint-disorders, Hyperlipidaemias & other problems. Sthaulya Roga strikingly resembles with disease entity termed as obesity in Modern system of medicine. The basic principles of treatment of Sthaulya Roga(Obesity) as described in Ayurvedic classics & modern text's of medicine are Nidāna parivarjana & Apatarpaņa cikitsā in the form of consumption of low caloric diet & increase in exercise. Diet & modified life styles are also advised to the patients of Sthaulya Roga for correction of their body weight & Lipid profile.

Ayurveda is a life science. Its fundamental concept and principles serve the humanity since long back. These are true and beneficial as such as before. The rule to live healthy and diseased free life is the prime Moto of Ayurveda. It has the rules and regulations are not only for him but for the sake of his family and society. For a disease free life, yoga, a part of ayurveda, is implemented. Shankhaprakshalnal is a procedure to purify the digestive tract and maintain a healthy life because it is said that all the diseases are originated from GIT2.

Dengue is a viral disease caused by Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae which is spread by Aedes aegypti mosquito which is also known as Tiger mosquito and in the present time it is rapid task to cure dengue after the diagnosis in later stage. There is too much of death has been reported since decades. The allopathy and several other treatments are effective but curing slowly and high dose of antibiotics may lead some side effects. To evaluate the possibilities to cure and early relief to the patient by avoiding the side effects. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of some ayurvedic medicines.. By the help of ayurveda we decrease the number of deaths occurring from dengue by taking the combination of Tinospora cardifolia (wild) Miers and Boerhaavia diffusa Linn we cure dengue. They have the ability to increase the platelets and lower down the body temperature in very less time. They also enhance the immune system.

Ayurveda, contrary to the popular projection is a complete science revolving around well thought out and comprehensive theoretical underpinnings. Drug action, the epicenter of Rational Therapeutics has also been attempted to be explained and rationalized in terms of five concepts Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka and Prabhava. The first four has been described to be potentially deduced by means of drug's interaction with the body and by and large follows a pattern, whereas Prabhava has been said to be established after observing the drug action on clinical material. The prabhava has also been found to be unique to each drug and do not follow a specific pattern. Charaka, Sushruta, Vagbhatta all have said prabhava to be beyond common logic by using a term Achintya. This Achintya term has been translated and interpreted as inexplicable, empirical and so on giving rise to notion that many of the ayurvedic drugs follow an empirical prescription guideline, thus putting a question mark on the scientific basis of Ayurveda. But, an unbiased and comprehensive analysis reveals that the concept of Prabhava has many facets and acquires different meaning in different situations. The crux behind this concept was found to be rationalization of drug action and to guide the physician in prescribing a drug on that basis. The analysis reveals that Prabhava relates to specific affinity of a drug to a particular site of action and produce mahabhautika changes therein beyond the normal pattern of Rasa, Guna, etc.

Endemic skeletal fluorosis is widely prevalent in India and is major health problem. Epidemiological and experimental studies in the endemic areas suggest the role of temperate climate, hard physical labor, nutritional status, presence of abnormal concentrations of trace elements like strontium, uranium, silica in water supplies, high fluoride levels in food and presence of kidney diseases in development of skeletal fluorosis. ‘Skeletal fluorosis' is a condition associated with prolonged accumulation of fluoride resulting in fragile bones having low tensile strength, excessive ossification and joint ankylosis in skeletons. It affects the joints as well as the bones. It is not easily recognizable till advanced stage. In early stages, fluorosis is usually associated only with stiffness, backache and joint pains which may suggest the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and osteomalacia. At this stage the radiological findings of skeletal fluorosis may not be evident and therefore most of these cases are either misdiagnosed for other kinds of arthritis or the patients are treated symptomatically for pains of undetermined diagnosis (PUD). So it is necessary to know the sources of fluoride exposure, metabolism of fluoride, pathological changes and clinical manifestation of skeletal fluorosis, diagnostic tools, its management and prevention for the proper understanding of this disease.

Jarä, is a Natural Disease which occur due to Käla. Old age is occurring at a good pace among all the peoples of the world now a days, so it is due cause of shortened life-span. Ayurveda has an own peculiar view about Jarävasthä, in which the aging is depends upon several factors. The factors responsible for it are well described in äyurveda. If we find out these factors in our life-style, then premature aging can be delayed.

Pravahika is the PakwasahayagataKaphajavikara with symptoms of Sarakta mala, Sapravahana mala, Sakapha mala, Daah,Jwara, BhramaDaurbalya Anannabhilsha, Sweda and Trishna,Excessive intake of Katu, Amla, Lavana Rasa, Guru (not easily digested), snigdha (fatty), Ruksha (very dry), Ushna, Sheeta, excessively liquid, Teekshana foodstuffs promote Pravahika disease.While deciding line of treatment, Ama and Pakwa stages of disease should be taken into consideration. In Ama Avastha, amapachana and Agnivardhana is the main line of treatment while ‘Sangrahana' will be main line of treatment in PakwaAvastha. Ama if not treated properly leads to Anaha, Prameha, Udar, Jwara, Shotha, Gulma, Arsha, Shoola, Hridgraha. Negligence towards passage of ‘Ama Mala' is golden line of treatment. Haritaki is the drug of choice in AmaAvastha. Once Ama is completely removed Deepana, Pachana, Grahi drugs can be used. 'Sanjeevanivati' 250 mg, ‘Loknath Rasa' 120 mg, ‘Jatiphaladivati', ‘KutajaParpati' are some Kalpas useful in Pravahika. In jeernaPravahika ‘BhallatakaParpati' and ‘SuvarnaParpati' are found to be useful. ‘Dadimavaleha', 'Kutajarishta' can be used as Anupana along with these above mentioned drugs. If rectal prolapsed, ChukraTailaSnehana along with NirgudiPatrasweda gives best results.

The antidiabetic activity of Enicostemma littorale (Mamajjaka) leaf extracts was investigated in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats. A comparison was made between the action of different extracts of Enicostemma littorale (Mamajjaka) and known antidiabetic drug glibenclamide (600 µg/kg b. wt.). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also performed in experimental diabetic rats. The petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol and aqueous extract of E. littorale were obtained by simple maceration method and were subjected to standardization using pharmacognostical and phytochemical screening methods. Dose selection was made on the basis of acute oral toxicity study (50-5000 mg/kg b.wt.) as per OECD guidelines. E. littorale aqueous extract (ELAE) and ethonolic extract (ELEE) showed significant antidiabetic activity. In Streptozotocin -induced model, blood glucose levels of these extracts on 7th day of the study were 132.00±4.955_mg/dl (ELAE) and 163.3±28.69 mg/dl (ELEE) in comparison of chloroform extract (210.8±14.91 mg/dl). In glucose loaded rats, ELAE exhibited glucose level of 176±3.724 mg/dl after 30 min. and 110.33±6.687 mg/dl after 90 min, whereas the levels in ELEE treated animals were 166.66±3.403 mg/dl after 30 min. and 148.83±4.615 mg/dl after 90 min. These extract also prevented body weight loss in diabetic rats. The drug has the potential to act as an antidiabetic drug.

Vrana is a term used to indicate wound, abscess, injury, ulcer etc. It involves three stages Vrana shopha, Vrana and Vrana vastu which are comparable to the three stages of the wound healing. This also involves the process of inflammation and repair of the damaged tissues of the body. The principles mentioned for the treatment are based on those three stages and the changes occurring during these three stages. In the present study drugs mentioned to be useful in the treatment of the Vrana in the Text Madhava dravyaguna (a 13th century book on the properties of the drugs available at that time) are analyzed to understand their properties and uses in the different stages of the vrana. It was finally concluded that the drug mentioned were having properties like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, analgesic and anti-biotic and were useful in the treatment of the Vrana.

Urolithiasis is one of the most common diseases found globally. It is described under the term Mutrashmari in Ayurvedic texts. In the present study an effort was made to evaluate the efficacy of Gokshuradi Kashaya (decoction of Tribules terrestis, Ricinus cummunis, Zingiber officinalis, Creataeva nurvala). The main aim of this particular study was inclined towards the disintegration, dissolution, dislodgement and expulsion of renal stones. These drugs are easily available, economical and are easy to administer, which are having anti-inflammatory, diuretic and Antilithic properties. Total 30 patients were selected randomly and were divided into two groups i.e. Group-I and Group-II each group contains 15 patients. Group-I: This group was treated with Gokshuradi Kashaya in a dose of 45 ml, twice daily, after food for a period of 45 days. Group-II: This group was treated with hydro therapy. After completion of the study with Gokshuradi Kashaya for 45 days, the results were encouraging. The efficacy of Gokshuradi Kashaya in relief of Pain (82%), Haematuria(86%), Dysuria(78.1%), Size of calculi(88%) and Number of calculi(71.7%) was highly significant. Hence it was concluded that ayurvedic management is effective and have no adverse effects on the patients of Urolithiasis.

Ahrara (food) is the necessary issue of all the living beings. It is stated that “Praninam Punarmoolamaaharam” – the route of all beings is nothing but food itself. In Ayurvedic classics it is mentioned foremost among the three Upasthambas/Subpillars which support the three main Sthambas/Pillars of the body viz. Tri Dosha. It shows the credibility of food. Only proper food is not sufficient to be healthy. The time, place, quantity and manner of food intake are also necessary. Aaharasambhava Vastu Rogaashcha Aaharasambhava – Food taken in proper manner helps in the proper growth of the body on contrary if taken in improper manner leads to various diseases. The mental factor of a man is reflected by the type of food he takes - “Ahara Shuddhou Satwa Shudhihi”. In Bhagavadgeeta also we find the references regarding the three types of food like Satvika, Rajasika and Tamasika. Achara Rasayana told in the classics has a direct influence in maintaining the spiritual well being. Person has to follow some rules and regulations to maintain both personal and social health. These directly manipulate the spiritual level of a person and have their role in both health and disease. Thus Ahara and Achara Rasayana play a key role in maintaining the equilibrium state of mankind. The complete physical, mental and social well being is obtained through these factors. The detail of the same will be highlighted in the full paper.

Medicinal plants are always being a prime source of medication to tackle the chronic ailments. Pain as a universal symptom in all ailments act as a hurdle in the day to day routine work and posed a strong burden over a medical feternity to provide a safe and effective pain killers. Hence an attempt has been made to found out simple and safe remedies from Ayurveda, in this process two drugs are selected from Ayurveda excellence viz. Agnamarda Prashamana Kashaya(AMP) and Kakatiduka Vati ( KV). In the present study these two are examined for its analgesic effects implying tail flick method. For comparison purpose a well known non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Aspirin which comes under Salicylate group of drug was used as standard. It was found that AMP (100mg / Kg) and KV (22.5mg / Kg) were produced significant (p < 0.01) analgesic effect. However, there is need for further studies in order to confirm there analgesic effects with more details.

Inflammatory diseases including different types of rheumatoid disorders are major worldwide problems. Gastrointestinal side effects are the problem associated with NSAIDs available allopathic drugs. Now a day's world population moves towards herbal remedies for treatment of such ailments. Numbers of plants have been screened for their anti-inflammatory activity. The review deals with the number of plants, their common name, family, extract used and dose showed significant results.

Psoriasis is a non-contagious, autoimmune and papulo-squamous disorder of the skin characterized by severe itching, dryness of the skin and white silvery scales. The psoriatic lesions are produced due to rapid skin cell reproduction, which is influenced by variety of etiological factors. The exact cause, pathogenesis and management of psoriasis is still vague in conventional system of medicine.

Complete psychosomatic architect of an individual is represented by his Prakriti(constitution) which starts to take shape at the very first step of conception in mother's womb. Deeds of previous incarnation, physical & psychological state of mother and father during conception, nutrition & regimen of mother, social melue, practice of wholesomeness by mother (during pregnancy) and child in postnatal period and many more factors are attributed in the prakriti formation. Thus generated prakriti helps in understanding the health & disease state of an individual and facilitate in promotive & curative aspects. Not only this, inherited psycho constution (Manasik Prakriti) is also very helpful in prediction & deciding the profession, effectiveness & efficiency evaluation too. Management education sector, Life & Health insurance sectors are now showing a keen interest in incorporating concept of Prakriti (constitution) in their business. Genomic relations of Prakriti concept of Ayurveda in the recent researches in India & abroad has established the facts that the difference in genomic make up is responsible for all variations in health & disease state of life which we have analyzed and summarized in this review. In the present literary research paper all the factors which influence the Prakriti are enumerated in classified manner and different types of psychosomatic contributions are detailed along with their effect on health & disease condition of life as well as preventive and promotive aspects.

Phytonutients/phytochemicals are numerous and are highly beneficial to health, protecting our body against various diseases. There are many edible green leaves in our country which can be used in a myriad of ways in Indian cooking which not only offer protection but also cure several ailments.

In present era, on account of changing life style, food habit, different kinds of addictions, loss of ethics of moral conduct, so much life threatening hazards are causing various diseases. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is one of them. AIDS is proven to be most dangerous syndrome among all other diseases in 21st century. It is a burning issue of present era for all suffering humanity. Main cause for attack of the AIDS is improper sexual contact among all other aetiological factors. AIDS is precious issue because of present era there is no any active remedy has been discovered yet which completely cures AIDS. Attention must be drawn for prevention of the disease with the help of means explained in ayurved. Ayurveda the fountain head of Indian medicine, is one of the most ancient systems of medicine in the world. Ayurved is essentially a health oriented system of medicine and gives greater importance to promotion of health and prevention of disease rather than disease and cure. Its origin goes back to the Vedas. Description of maximum diseases with their line of treatment is given in Vedas in rudimentary form. Although detailed description of AIDS with the line of treatment and preventive measures is not seen in ayurved but the diseases having similarity with AIDS in the symptom logy and line of treatment is definitely found in texts of ayurved. So we can correlate and control the present health spoiling issues with the guidelines of ayurved. In ayurveda, for prevention of AIDS comprehensive description like sadvritta palan (ideal conduct of life with proper sexual conduct), sattvavajay (mental control therapy), achar rasayan, abrahmacharya (ideal sexual conduct) are described.

Psoriasis is a common skin condition where the skin develops areas that become thick covered with silvery scales. It is a common problem, and millions of people in the world have psoriasis. Herbalists used herbs for centuries in the treatment of various diseases including psoriasis for one. Herbal ayurvedic psoriasis treatment originated in India and is considered as one of the oldest medical practice. There are many plants used for the control and care of psoriasis. Herbal medicines- used in treating psoriasis include Psoralen coryliforia, Coleus forskoli, sarsaparilla, and a lot more. Other herbal therapy include Aromatherapy- Carrier oils are mixed with oils from lavender, calendula, and bergamot then massaged into the affected skin. Topical herbs which are effective are tea tree oil, oats, evening primrose oil, cayenne peppers due to its capsaicin content, apple cider vinegar, and aloe. Olive oil has developed a reputation for being an effective treatment for mild cases of plaque psoriasis. It can be massaged directly onto affected areas of the skin to relieve dryness and irritation as well as to facilitate healing. Andira araroba is also known as Goa or Bahia Powder. The medullary matter of the stem and branches, dried and powdered, is used. It contains about 80% of chrysarobin, which is probably responsible for its activity. Chrysarobin is a reduced quinone. Papaya and papain is derived from Carica papaya and is also known as vegetable pepsin. It was formerly used in treating a wide variety of conditions including infected wounds, sores, ulcers, and psoriasis.

Vrikshayurveda, mainly deals with various species of trees and their healthy growth and productivity. The text mentions many species of plants, including herbs, shrubs, and trees. In this text, various topics of plants life are described with special reference to procuring, preserving and treatment of seeds and planting materials, preparation of pits for planting, selection of soil, method of irrigation and ways to locate groundwater, nourishment and fertilizers, plant diseases and plants protection, laying out of gardens and orchids, creation of agricultural and horticultural wonders. In Vrikshayurveda, some important suggestions have been described for enhancing plant growth and for protecting them. Kunap jalam has been recommended for stimulating growth and development of plants.

This research was done on 60 overweight or obese people (BMI>=25) that were recruited from an unselected population of the people who were willing to lose weight in Iran Physiotherapy Clinic, Shiraz, Iran. Anthropometric data including measuring weight (With the sensitivity of 100 grams), height, waist (with the sensitivity of 1 millimeter) before eating breakfast with the least coverage and without shoes by the help of Bourer Digital Scale and meter according to standard instructions by the Physiotherapist before and after the intervention were gathered. Waist measuring was done from the region between ribs and hip bone. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for all the people with the formula of weight (kilogram) divided to squared height (meter). These persons were randomly divided into two groups; with green tea drink and placebo. All the people of the first group (30 persons) were wanted to drink green tea. Each one would drink 4 glasses of green tea before breakfast, lunch, evening meal and dinner daily for a period of 2 weeks. The diet for all 60 persons in this study was supervised attentively in order to consume fat, carbohydrate, sugar, minerals, fruit, vegetable and generally speaking, all nutritional substances under the thoroughly control. All these ones (60 persons) had a 2-hour- scheduled mixed program of physiotherapy an sport for 5 days a week in these 2 weeks as will described below.

The root of the Rauwolfia serpentina Benth (N. O. Apocyanaceae) has been in use in India for hundreds of years for a host of unrelated ailments. Since 1949, after the English publication of a clinical report by the author on Rauwolfia serpentina therapy in fifty cases of essential hypertension, the plant has gained universal acclamation as a useful therapeutic weapon in high blood pressure states. The whole subject of Rauwolfia serpentina therapy in hypertension has been reviewed up to the present time, including discussions on the history of the plant, its various species and types, nomenclature, geographic distribution, chemistry, pharmacologic actions and clinical studies, reported on the subject from all over the world. Indian medicinal plant (Rauwolfia serpentina) analyzed for its chemical composition, vitamins and minerals. This herb is a good source of minerals such as Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Fe and Zn. The importance of these chemical constituents is discussed with respect to the role of these herbs in ethnomedicine in India. Alkaloids are very important in medicine and constitute most of the valuable drugs. Despite the use of this plant for such purposes,importance of these medicinal plants and their importance there is little information on the nutritional and chemical in the pharmaceutical industry.

Aconitum ferox (vatsanabha) is one of the deadly poison in Ayurveda. It is categorized in mahavisha varg in all Ayurvedic texts. But as mentioned by Acharya Carak that even poison in small amount acts like a nectar. So, this poison also act as a beneficial medicine in various ailments of the body. Various studies have been made which proves what had been told about vatsanabh in Ayurvedic texts that it is anaesthetic, antiarthritic, deobstruent, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative, stimulant. Here along with its therapeutic uses various studies are reviewed.

Crude extracts of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss roots were investigated for antimicrobial activity and were found to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphyloccoccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Candida albican, but did not inhibit the growth of Peniciliium notatum and Aspergillus niger. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 6.0 mg/ml to 14.0 mg/ml, while the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranged from 8.0 mg/ml to 20.0 mg/ml. When the extracts were compared with standard antibiotics (control), gentimycin (GN) and ciprofloxacin (CPX), it was observed that the control had a higher antimicrobial activity than the samples at the concentrations used. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the root extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phylates and oxalates. The quantitative phytochemical analysis showed a high quantity of tannins (7.12mg/100mg), phylate (4.75mg/100mg) and alkaloid (3.36mg/100mg). The proximate nutritive values also showed a high presence of potassium (52.57mg/kg), sodium (34.54mg/kg), calcium (18.43mg/kg) and magnesium (24mg/kg). Other elements observed were zinc (12.86mg/kg), iron (7.95mg/kg), manganese (5.79mg/kg), lead (2.03mg/kg) and chromium (1.42mg/kg). The sensitivity of these organisms to K. senegalensis root extract is an indication that it can be potentially useful for the treatment of their pathologies.